![]() The vital sign deviation from normal increases in class III, where blood loss is between 31% and 40%. Class II includes a blood loss of 15% to 30% and shows a slight deviation from normal vital signs. They define class I shock as losing less than 15% of total blood volume and including mostly normal vital signs. The American College of Surgeons developed a classification system for advanced trauma life support (ATLS) to use some of these parameters to grade the progression of shock. A capillary refill time of more than two seconds also indicates poor perfusion, which can indicate hypovolemia in the presence of significant trauma. Similarly, pale or ashen skin and fast, thready central pulses are signs of hypovolemia. Capillary bleeding can be the most painful but the easiest to control due to its superficial nature.Ī weak or absent radial pulse and a systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg are two indicators of shock in a hemorrhagic patient. ![]() Capillary bleeding is characterized by oozing blood from the damaged area. Capillary bleeding is a much more common form resulting from injury to the integumentary system. This flow can be steady but lacks the force of the arterial system. Venous bleeding is characterized by flowing, dark red blood. These wounds can also result in venous bleeding. ![]() ![]() Lacerations, punctures, and amputations can result in arterial bleeding, which is characterized by spurting or pulsatile, bright red blood. There are three main categories of bleeding. ![]()
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